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Sustainable cities made of clay

This is Engineering Lovers, my name is Gustavo Pereira and have you ever thought about making your house out of clay?

Clay buildings are remarkably good at keeping us cool in summer and warm in winter, as well as withstanding extreme weather conditions.
In the quest for more sustainable buildings, architects are turning to this ancient and forgotten building material.

In the ancient walled city of Sana'a, Yemen, mud skyscrapers soar high in the sky.
The imposing structures are built entirely of rammed earth and decorated with striking geometric patterns.
The mud buildings blend in with the nearby ochre-coloured mountains.

Sana'a's mud architecture is so unique that the city has been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Although the buildings in Sana'a are thousands of years old, they remain in pristine condition.

The ancient structures are still inhabited today and most remain as private residences.

And it's easy to see why these mud buildings haven't gone out of their way today, because they're well insulated, sustainable and extremely adaptable for modern use.

Architects around the world are reviving raw earth construction as they seek to build sustainable buildings that can withstand extreme weather events such as flash floods and intense heat.
Could this ancient form of architecture influence the design of our future homes and cities?
Could this back-to-basics technique provide a major solution to the climate crisis?
Sometimes I find myself watching primitive tecnologie videos or those videos of people creating pools and constructions entirely out of clay, and it's simply fascinating.
And like it or not, this shows us that this type of construction can still be used today.
The construction industry is responsible for 38% of global carbon dioxide emissions.
The construction sector has an important role to play if the world is to achieve its goal of reaching net zero by 2050 and keeping global temperature rise below the critical threshold of 1.5°C.

Swapping out concrete for less polluting materials is key to meeting our climate targets, scientists warn.
Concrete, a staple of modern construction, has a huge carbon footprint.
Concrete buildings are responsible for around 7% of global CO2 emissions, substantially more than the aviation industry, which is responsible for 2.5% of emissions.
Worldwide, 4 billion tons of cement, the main component of concrete, are produced each year.

Mud could be the sustainable alternative to concrete.
Building with mud or clay has a very low impact on the environment and the material itself is completely recyclable.
Obviously, construction techniques would have to readapt.

The town of Djenné is located in the Niger Delta region in central Mali.
Founded in 800 AD, it became an important meeting point for merchants traveling from the Sahara and Sudan.
Djenné is known for its magnificent earth architecture, especially its Great Mosque, which is the largest mud building in the world, standing almost 20 meters high and built on a platform 91 meters long.
Every year, the residents of Djenné gather to repair and renovate the mosque, supervised by several builders and masons with experience in this type of construction. These master builders are revered for their expertise and artistry in Malian society.

Djenné's mud architecture is constantly changing as residents redo, repair and rebuild their homes.

There is a dynamism, as the mud is very malleable and responds to the demographic changes of a house.
If the family grows, buildings can easily be added to the house, and if it shrinks, the buildings are left to decompose and return to the ground.

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