STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY
Fundamental Principles of Structures (Part A and Part B)
(Introduction: Definition and Significance of Structural Geology)
Definition: -
Structural geology is the study of the architecture of the earth in so far as it is determined by earth movements. Structural geology is closely related to many other branches of Geology i.e. Stratigraphy, Sedimentation, Palaeontology, Mineralogy, Petrology, Geomorphology, Economic geology, Seismology etc. and to many applied branches of Geophysics, Geochemistry, Oceanography, Geochronology etc.
Torsion — It is a twisting force.
Force Couple or Couple Force :- It is generated when two equal forces act in opposite direction in the same plane but not along the same line.
Stress is the force per unit area tending to deform in a rock,
Strain:- It is the deformation caused by stress.
Diastrophism The process of large-scale deformation of the earth's crust is
known as diastrophism.
Diastrophic movements may be of two types:
Epeirogenv/ Epeirogenesis / Continental Building Movements. These are broad vertical movements, which include uplift and subsidence.
Orogeny / Orogenesis / Mountain Building Movements:- Includes processes of formation of mountain ranges within comparatively narrow belts and involving processes of folding, faulting and thrusting.
Planar Structures: -
Most rocks exhibit a planar element along which they preferentially separate.
Linear structures Linear parallelism or Lineation.
It is parallelism of some directional property in rock eg. parallel arrangement of long axis of hornblende crystals in a rock gives rise to lineation. Lineation is of two types:
The different types of lineation are:
Elongated pebbles or stretched pebbles gives rise to a lineation.
Long axis of minerals like hornblende get arranged parallel to each other show lineation
Long axis of elliptical plates of mica may be arranged parallel to each other.
Attitude of Planar Features / Orientation of Planar Feature
Definitions: -
Strike: -
The direction of the line-formed by the intersection of the bedding plane (any s-surface) and a imaginary horizontal plane is known as the strike direction or the strike of the bed and is always expressed along two geographical directions e.g. along north-south.
Dip: -
Dip is the inclination or slope of the bed from the horizontal plane. It is expressed as direction and amount in angles or gradients.
Dip is of two types
1) True dip
2) Apparent dip
1) True dip direction (TDD)
True dip direction is the steepest possible slope i.e. the direction is at right angles to the strike direction.
2) Apparent dip direction
Apparent dip direction is an inclination or slope in any direction other than the true dip direction and the amount which is measured with respect to this direction, is the amount of apparent dip.
Clinometer Compass: -
The clinometer compass is an easy to use and sturdy instrument to find out the bearings (strike and dip direction of the bed) and to measure the dip of the inclined strata. I
Working of the clinometer compass: -
The clinometer compass is used to determine the strike direction, dip direction and amount of dip of a bed or a structural feature as explained below:
The Brunton Compass:
We will be using a Brunton compass to collect field measurements.
GPS
What is GPS and how does it work?
The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a navigation system using satellites, a receiver and algorithms to synchronize location, velocity and time data for air, sea and land travel.
There are five main uses of GPS:
Location — Determining a position.
Navigation — Getting from one location to another.
Tracking — Monitoring object or personal movement.
Mapping — Creating maps of the world.
Timing — Making it possible to take precise time measurements.
Some specific examples of GPS use cases include:
1. Locating Positions , 2. Easy Access to Emergency Road Side Support , 3. Preventing Car Theft4. Mapping and Surveying , 5. Tracking for Law Enforcement , 6. Locating Your Pets , 7. Keeping Watch on Elderly People , 8. Finding Treasure , 9. Mining , 10. Securing Artworks , 11. Hiking and Backpacking , 12. Solo Travels, 13. Flying Planes , 14. Fleet Tracking ,15. Hunting and Fishing
Mechanical Principles (Materials of the Outer shell Earth)    • Structural Geology: Mechanical Princi...  
Fold- Definition and Terms associated with fold    • Fold: Definition and Parts of the fold  
Geometric Classification of fold    • Geometric Classification of fold  I #...  
Structural Geology : Geometrical Classification of Fault   • Fault: Geometrical classification of ...      • JOINTS : Definition, Attitude of Join...  
Structural Geology : Genetic classification of joints    • Genetical classification of Joints  
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