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CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES
The cardiac glycosides are basically steroids with an inherent ability to afford a very specific and powerful action mainly on the cardiac muscle when administered through injection into man or animal. Small amount would exhibit a much needed stimulation on a diseased heart, whereas an excessive dose may cause even death. To enhance the tone, excitability and above all the contractility of the cardiac muscle To increase the diuretic action, due principally to the enhanced renal circulation (an inherent secondary action). Lactone ring is very important for therapeutic activity.
Classification of cardiac glycosides:
1. Cardenolides:
They are C23 steroids that have a 17-β side chain and α, unsaturated β-membered lactone ring.
Example: Digitalis, Quabain, Strophanthin, etc
2. Bufadienolide:
The bufadienolides are C24 homologues of the cardenolides and carry a doubly unsaturated 6-membered lactone ring at the 17-position. The bufadienolides derived their name from the genetic name for the toad, Bufo (the prototype compound bufalin was isolated from the skin of toads).
Example:Squill, etc

Chemical tests for cardiac glycosides
1. Raymond’s test:
To the drug, add a few ml of 50% ethanol and 0.1 ml of 1 % solution of m- dinitrobenzene in ethanol. To this solution, add 2-3 drops of 20% sodium hydroxide solution. Violet colors appears, this is due to presence of active methylene group.
2. Legal test:
To the drug, add few ml of pyridine and 2drops of nitroprusside and a drop of 20% sodium hydroxide solution. A deep red colour is produced.
3. Killer killiani test:
Glycoside is dissolved in a mixture of 1 % ferric sulphate solution in (5%) glacial acetic acid. Add one or two drop of concentrated sulphuric acid. A blue colour develops due to the presence of deoxy sugar.
5. Baljet test:
Take a piece of lamina or thick section of the leaf and add sodium picrate reagent. If glycoside is present yellow to orange colour will be seen.
6. Kedde test:
A solution of glycosides is treated with a small amount of Kedde reagent (Mix equal volumes of a 2% solution of 3, 5 dinitrobenzoic acid in menthol and a 7.5% aqueous solution of KOH). Development of a blue or violet colour that faded out in l to 2 hrs shows it presence of cardinoloids.
7. Antimony trichloride test:
To a solution of glycoside add a solution of antimony tri-chloride and tri-chloroacetic acid, and then heat the mixture. Appearance of blue or violet colour show presence of cardenolides and bufanolides

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