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Kashmiri elegy natively known as ‘Marsya’ is a well known historical genre in Kashmir’s literary culture sustaining grief from centuries old authentic traditions relating to ‘Battle of Karbala. Marsiya has originally evolved from an Arabic word “Rasa” means “to mourn.” Marsiya in Kashmir is recited by a group of mourners mostly in the month of Muharram led by an elder elegy vocalist called ‘Zakir’ to commemorate the martyrdom of ‘Husayn-Ibn-Ali’. It is based on a title, which determines a larger motif of all separate elements in a Marsiya specially revolving in accordance with the tragedies that befell last Islamic Prophet’s household called Ahlul Bayt.

Before rise of Islam in Arabia, when battles took place, every brave combatant was praised with Qasida and every warrior killed in action was glorified with elegies. Origin of Marsiya involves much earlier period when Abel was killed by Cain, that anguished Adam resulting in his pain which is historically expressed by couplets today translated into Arabic on the tomb of Abel. Hazrat Hamzah-ibn-Abdul Muttalib, a companion and paternal uncle of Prophet of Islam (Pbuh) was martyred in the Battle of Uhud in 3rd hijri/ 625 CE, his martyrdom broke the heart of prophet (Pbuh) as none mourned over his body.

As soon Prophet’s sigh reached to Muslims, they thronged over Hamza’s body leaving behind their martyred kin. This prompted poets to glorify the martyr thus kindled the genre of Marsiya where poets lamented over the personal loss of Prophet (Pbuh). Then following Prophet’s demise, Caliph’s grief over loss of Prophet encouraged poets to write more pieces of lamentation. This continued till Rashidun Caliphs were themselves lamented through poems by noted poets of the time. Yet Marsiya was bound to individuals as they were dedicated and had no standard and established concrete form till gruesome battle took place in 680CE known as Battle of Karbala.

When Yazid I ruthlessly massacred Prophet’s favourite grandson Husayn-Ibn-Ali along with his family and closest aides including his six months old baby Ali Al-Asghar. Yezid’s army unleashed brutality by blocking the source of water to tents of Prophet’s family and slitting the menfolk hungry and thirsty and imprisoned the womenfolk. History noted the parched throats of martyrs as same exemplifies the utmost oppression in human history. The graph of Marsiya is itself drawn from Battle of Karbala, when Husayn-ibn-ali mourns the death of 18 year old son Ali Al-Akbar, and defines the death of his brother as back breaking for him” according to Ali Mohammad Qasimi, one among noted Kashmiri elegy reciters and a former lecturer. It is said, all sighs and emphatic calls in battle of Karbala were remembered and that became part of elegies later translated into various languages from Persian into many South Asian languages including Kashmiri. Ja’far al Sadiq, the sixth Shia Imam is widely believed to have promoted Marsiya in eighth century by encouraging writers to compose elegies and their recital in order to keep the tragedy of Karbala and supreme sacrifices alive.

Author Shibli Nomani states, “If Umayyad and Abassid dynasties had allowed poets to write elegies on Karbala, hearts would have blazed with fire of utmost melancholy”. Debal Al Khazai is remembered as acclaimed elegist by all elegy researchers who used to draw tears from eyes of

Ali Al-Ridha, the eight Shia Imam by his irresistible compositions. In Kashmir, elegy emerged with the arrival of Mir Sayyid Ali al Hussaini Hamadani and earlier to him Syed Sharafudin Musavi alias Bulbul Shah in 14th century whose missionary caravan brought mixture of Arabic-Persian poetry that mourned martyrdom of Husayn-Ibn-Ali.
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